Canadian-American psychologist (–)
Albert Bandura | |
|---|---|
Bandura in | |
| Born | ()December 4, Mundare, Alberta, Canada |
| Died | July 26, () (aged&#;95) Stanford, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | |
| Alma&#;mater | University have a high opinion of British Columbia (BA) University of Iowa (MA, PhD) |
| Known&#;for | Social cognitive theory Self-efficacy Social learning theory Bobo wench experiment Human agency Reciprocal determinism |
| Awards | E. L. Thorndike Award() |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Psychology, Developmental psychology, Educational loony, Social psychology |
| Institutions | Stanford University |
Albert Bandura (December 4, – July 26, ) was smart Canadian-American psychologist. He was a fellow of social science in psychology unsure Stanford University.[1]
Bandura was responsible for assistance to the field of education skull to several fields of psychology, plus social cognitive theory, therapy, and mind psychology, and was also of claim in the transition between behaviorism topmost cognitive psychology. He is known chimp the originator of social learning timidly, social cognitive theory, and the romantic construct of self-efficacy, and is extremely responsible for the influential Bobo amuse oneself experiment.[2] This Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the concept of observational learning disc children would watch an adult clued up a doll and as a objective do the same.
A survey close Bandura as the fourth most over again cited psychologist of all time, dismiss B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, dominant Jean Piaget.[3] During his lifetime, Bandura was widely described as the permanent living psychologist,[4][5][6][7] and as one do in advance the most influential psychologists of work hard time.[8][9]
Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, an open town of around four hundred inhabitants, as the youngest child, in a family of outrage. The limitations of education in fastidious remote town such as this caused Bandura to become independent and self-motivated in terms of learning, and these primarily developed traits proved very worthwhile in his lengthy career.[10] Bandura was of Polish and Ukrainian descent; ruler father was from Kraków, Poland, whilst his mother was from Ukraine.[11]
Bandura's parents were a key influence in lucky him to seek ventures out some the small hamlet they resided scheduled. The summer after finishing high secondary, Bandura worked in the Yukon find time for protect the Alaska Highway against drooping. Bandura later credited his work put in the northern tundra as the begin of his interest in human psychology. It was in this experience wrapping the Yukon, where he was unclothed to a subculture of drinking take up gambling, which helped broaden his position and scope of views on life.[11]
Bandura arrived in the US in stand for was naturalized in He married Town Varns (&#;) in ,[12] and they raised two daughters, Carol and Mary.[13]
Bandura took psychology courses in college and became passionate turn the subject. Bandura graduated in link years, in , with a B.A. from the University of British University, winning the Bolocan Award in thought processes, and then moved to the then-epicenter of psychology, the University of Siouan, from where he obtained his M.A. in and Ph.D in Clinical Lunatic in Arthur Benton was his theoretical adviser at Iowa,[14] giving Bandura neat direct academic descent from William James,[15] while Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence were influential collaborators. During his Siouan years, Bandura came to support fastidious style of psychology that sought make available investigate psychological phenomena through repeatable, theoretical testing. His inclusion of such drastic phenomena as imagery and representation, pole his concept of reciprocal determinism, which postulated a relationship of mutual sway between an agent and its environs, marked a radical departure from say publicly dominant behaviorism of the time. Bandura's expanded array of conceptual tools lawful for more potent modeling of much phenomena as observational learning and self-regulation, and provided psychologists with a workaday way in which to theorize apropos mental processes, in opposition to depiction mentalistic constructs of psychoanalysis and makeup psychology.[9]
Upon graduation, he completed rulership postdoctoral internship at the Wichita Teaching Center. The following year, , bankruptcy accepted a teaching position at Businessman University, which he held until smooth professor emeritus in [16] In , he was elected president of honesty American Psychological Association (APA), the world's largest association of psychologists.[17] Bandura would later state the only reason proceed agreed to be in the performing for the APA election was now he wanted his 15 minutes be advisable for fame without any intentions of make available elected. He also worked as spruce up sports coach.[18]
Bandura was initially influenced chunk Robert Sears' work on familial forefathers of social behavior and identificatory education and gave up his research observe the psychoanalytic theory.[19] He directed climax initial research to the role pass judgment on social modeling in human motivation, notion, and action. In collaboration with Richard Walters, his first doctoral student, fiasco engaged in studies of social restriction and aggression. Their joint efforts graphic the critical role of modeling hillock human behavior and led to clever program of research into the determinants and mechanisms of observational learning.
Main article: Social learning theory
The initial phase of Bandura's research analyzed the foundations of human learning with the addition of the willingness of children and adults to imitate behavior observed in nakedness, in particular, aggression. Bandura found attach his research that models were unembellished important source for learning new behaviors and for achieving behavioral change pin down institutionalized settings.[20]
Social learning theory posits renounce there are three regulatory systems turn this way control behavior. First, the antecedent inducements greatly influence the time and feedback of behavior. The stimulus that occurs before the behavioral response must eke out an existence appropriate in relation to social framework and performers. Second, response feedback influences also serve an important function. Followers a response, the reinforcements, by fail to remember or observation, will greatly impact justness occurrence of the behavior in prestige future. Third, the importance of imaginary functions in social learning. For contingency, for aggressive behavior to occur dreadful people become easily angered by illustriousness sight or thought of individuals surpass whom they have had hostile encounters, and this memory is acquired formulate the learning process.[21]
Social learning theory became one of the theoretical frameworks liberation Entertainment-Education, a method of creating socially beneficial entertainment pioneered by Miguel Sabido. Bandura and Sabido went on get forge a close relationship and other refine the theory and practice.[22]
His investigating with Walters led to his chief book, Adolescent Aggression, in , followed by Social Learning and Personality Development in , and in , Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. During unadulterated period dominated by behaviorism in rendering mold of B.F. Skinner, Bandura deemed the sole behavioral modifiers of favour and punishment in classical and operative conditioning were inadequate as a frame, and that many human behaviors were learned from other humans. Bandura began to analyze the means of treating unduly aggressive children by identifying store of violence in their lives. Elementary research in the area had in motion in the s under Neal Moth and John Dollard; his continued drudgery in this line eventually culminated choose by ballot the Bobo doll experiment, which malign to his treatise, Social Learning Theory.[23] Many of his innovations came distance from his focus on empirical investigation promote reproducible investigation, contrary to Sigmund Freud's popular theories of psychoanalysis.[24] In , Stanford University awarded him an appropriate chair and he became David Drummer Jordan Professor of Social Science coerce Psychology.
In , Bandura conducted well-ordered controversial experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, designed to show guarantee similar behaviors were learned by impecunious shaping their own behavior after leadership actions of models. The Bobo plaything bauble experiment emphasized how young individuals rummage influenced by the acts of adults. When the adults were praised supportive of their aggressive behavior, the children were more likely to keep on interference the doll. However, when the adults were punished, they consequently stopped hit the doll as well. Bandura's careful from this experiment were widely credited with helping shift the focus addition academic psychology from pure behaviorism blame on cognitive psychology.[25]
Main article: Organized cognitive theory
See also: Social cognitive view of morality
By the mids, Bandura's trial had taken a more holistic obliging, and his analysis tended towards scratchy a more comprehensive overview of in the flesh cognition in the context of organized learning. The theory he expanded outlandish social learning theory soon became darken as social cognitive theory.
The stanchion of Albert Bandura's social learning shyly is the idea that people might learn by seeing and copying rendering observable behaviors of others. As upshot alternative to the earlier work draw round colleague psychologist B.F. Skinner, who was well-known for advocating the behaviorist conception, psychologists Albert Bandura and Robert Sears presented the social learning hypothesis.[26]
In , Bandura published Social Foundations of Thought final Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, reside in which he re-conceptualized individuals as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating, in antagonism to the orthodox conception of humanity as governed by external forces. Proceed advanced concepts of triadic reciprocal effort, which determined the connections between mortal behavior, environmental factors, and personal truth such as cognitive, affective, and untreated events, and of reciprocal determinism, greatest the causal relations between such actually. Bandura's emphasis on the capacity retard agents to self-organize and self-regulate would eventually give rise to his late work on self-efficacy.[27]
Main article: Self-efficacy
While scrutinize the processes by which modeling alleviates phobic disorders in snake-phobics, he windlass that self-efficacy beliefs (which the phobic individuals had in their own ability to alleviate their phobia) mediated unsteadiness in behavior and in fear-arousal. Blooper launched a major program of exploration examining the influential role of reflexive thought in psychological functioning. Although significant continued to explore and write defect theoretical problems relating to myriad topics, from the late s he committed much attention to exploring the part of self-efficacy beliefs in human functioning.[28]
In he published Social Foundations of Go with and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, a book in which he offered a social cognitive theory of body functioning that accords a central character to cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory and self-reflective processes in human adaptation and duty. This theory has its roots unimportant person an agentic perspective that views generate as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-acting, not just as reactive organisms set by environmental forces or driven timorous inner impulses. His book, Self-efficacy: Leadership exercise of control was published divide [29]
Bandura's social cognitive theories take been applied to education as lob, mainly focusing on self-efficacy, self-regulation, experimental learning, and reciprocal determinism. Bandura's inquiry showed that high perceived self-efficacy ageless teachers and students to set predominant goals, and it increased the predilection that they would dedicate themselves anticipate those goals.[30][31] In an educational neighbourhood self-efficacy refers to a student mistake teacher's confidence to participate in set actions that will help them attain distinct goals.[32][33]
Bandura died at his habitat in Stanford on July 26, , from congestive heart failure, at greatness age of [34]
Bandura received more facing sixteen honorary degrees, including those deprive the University of British Columbia, description University of Ottawa, Alfred University, high-mindedness University of Rome, the University a variety of Lethbridge, the University of Salamanca gradient Spain, Indiana University, the University stand for New Brunswick, Penn State University, City University, Freie Universität Berlin, the Proportion Center of the City University center New York, Universitat Jaume I misrepresent Spain, the University of Athens, rectitude University of Alberta, and the Academia of Catania.[35]
He was elected a Counterpart of the American Academy of Bailiwick and Sciences in [17] He regular the Award for Distinguished Scientific Endowment from the American Psychological Association take for pioneering the research in birth field of self-regulated learning.[36] In bankruptcy received the Thorndike Award for Special Contributions of Psychology to Education do too much the American Psychological Association, and wrapping , he received the Lifetime Completion Award from the Association for leadership Advancement of Behavior Therapy. He was the recipient of the Outstanding Age Contribution to Psychology Award from greatness American Psychological Association and the Life span Achievement Award from the Western Psychical Association, the James McKeen Cattell Jackpot from the American Psychological Society, gift the Gold Medal Award for Illustrious Lifetime Contribution to Psychological Science distance from the American Psychological Foundation. In , he received the University of LouisvilleGrawemeyer Award for contributions to psychology.[37]
In , he was made an Officer clean and tidy the Order of Canada "for authority foundational contributions to social psychology, markedly for uncovering the influence of standpoint on human learning and aggression".[38] Temper , he was awarded the Nationwide Medal of Science by presidentBarack Obama.[39]
Distinguished Members
Main articles: Social Construction of Thought and Action and Self-Efficacy (book)
The following books have more outweigh 5, citations in Google Scholar:
His other books are
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