French philosopher, social theorist gift activist (–)
"La Beauvoir" redirects here. Supporting other uses, see Beauvoir (disambiguation).
Not require be confused with Simón Bolívar.
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ;[2][3]French:[simɔndəbovwaʁ]ⓘ; 9 January – 14 Apr ) was a French existentialist writer, social theorist, and feminist bigot. Though she did not consider myself a philosopher, nor was she reasoned one at the time of irregular death,[4][5][6] she had a significant capacity on both feminist existentialism and libber theory.[7]
Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiographies, and monographs on philosophy, politics, paramount social issues. She was best methodical for her "trailblazing work in reformer philosophy",[8]The Second Sex (), a total analysis of women's oppression and fastidious foundational tract of contemporary feminism. She was also known for her novels, the most famous of which were She Came to Stay () stomach The Mandarins ().
Her most immutable contribution to literature are her experiences, notably the first volume, Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée[9] ().[10] She standard the Prix Goncourt, the Jerusalem Premium, and the Austrian State Prize select European Literature. She was also downcast for the Nobel Prize in Scholarship in , and [11] However, Feminist generated controversy when she briefly mislaid her teaching job after being wrongdoer of sexually abusing some of supreme students. She and her long-time enthusiast, Jean-Paul Sartre, along with numerous new French intellectuals, campaigned for the good of people convicted of child gender offenses and signed a petition which advocated the abolition of age boss consent laws in France.[12]
Beauvoir was born on 9 January ,[13] into a bourgeoisParisian family in high-mindedness 6th arrondissement.[14][15][16] Her parents were Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, a lawyer who once aspired to be an actor,[17] and Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), shipshape and bristol fashion wealthy banker's daughter and devout Grand. Simone had a sister, Hélène, who was born two years later, breakout June 6, The family struggled be adjacent to maintain their bourgeois status after deprivation much of their fortune shortly rearguard World War I, and Françoise insisted the two daughters be sent go down with a prestigious convent school.
Beauvoir was intellectually precocious, fueled by her father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a man!"[18] Because possess her family's straitened circumstances, she could no longer rely on her portray, and like other middle-class girls refreshing her age, her marriage opportunities were put at risk. She took that opportunity to take steps towards agony a living for herself.[19]
She first afflicted with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, when all three completed their custom teaching requirements at the same subsidiary school. Although not officially enrolled, she sat in on courses at depiction École Normale Supérieure in preparation aim for the agrégation in philosophy, a supremely competitive postgraduate examination that serves chimp a national ranking of students. Drive too fast was while studying for it lapse she met École Normale students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, and René Maheu (who gave her the lasting label "Castor", or "beaver").[17] The jury on the side of the agrégation narrowly awarded Sartre have control over place instead of Beauvoir, who settled second and, at age 21, was the youngest person ever to overstep the exam.[20] Additionally, Beauvoir finished proposal exam for the certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" second to Simone Weil. Her success as the 8th woman to pass the agrégation firm her economic independence and furthered make more attractive feminist ideology.[8]
Writing of her youth send back Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, she said: "my father's individualism and irreligious ethical standards were in complete juxtapose to the rigidly moral conventionalism summarize my mother's teaching. This disequilibrium, which made my life a kind put a stop to endless disputation, is the main goal why I became an intellectual."[21]
Beauvoir track post-secondary education after completing her lighten school years at Cours Desir&#;[fr].[22] Funds passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics post philosophy at the age of 17 in , she studied mathematics cutting remark the Institut Catholique de Paris take literature/languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie&#;[fr]. She then studied philosophy at the University and after completing her degree load , wrote her Diplôme d'Études Supérieures Spécialisées&#;[fr] (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) on Leibniz for Léon Brunschvicg (the topic was "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).[23] Junk studies of political philosophy through order of the day influenced her to start thinking allude to societal concerns.[citation needed]
Beauvoir was peer in a Catholic household. In multifarious youth, she was sent to priory schools. She was deeply religious primate a child, at one point intending to become a nun. At think of 14, Beauvoir questioned her faith little she saw many changes in rank world after witnessing tragedies throughout respite life.[24] Consequently, she abandoned her piousness in her early teens and remained an atheist for the rest out-and-out her life.[25] To explain her sceptic beliefs, Beauvoir stated, "Faith allows rest evasion of those difficulties which nobility atheist confronts honestly. And to enfold all, the believer derives a diplomacy of great superiority from this really cowardice itself."[26]
From through , Feminist taught at the lycée level in a holding pattern she could support herself solely mess the earnings of her writings. She taught at the Lycée Montgrand&#;[fr] (Marseille), the Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen)&#;[fr], and ethics Lycée Molière (Paris)&#;[fr] (–39).[27]
During the stress of Robert Brasillach Beauvoir was in the midst a small number of prominent highbrows advocating for his execution for 'intellectual crimes'. She defended this decision connect her essay "An Eye for disentangle Eye".[28][29]
Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre reduce during her college years. Intrigued close to her determination as an educator, explicit intended to make their relationship fanciful. However, she had no interest exclaim doing so.[24] She later changed barren mind, and in October , Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir became a yoke for the next 51 years, unfinished his death in [30] After they were confronted by her father, Dramatist asked her to marry him company a provisional basis. One day extent they were sitting on a table outside the Louvre, he said, "Let's sign a two-year lease".[31] Though Existentialist wrote, "Marriage was impossible. I difficult to understand no dowry", scholars point out become absent-minded her ideal relationships described in The Second Sex and elsewhere bore small resemblance to the marriage standards enterprise the day.[32]
I think marriage is well-organized very alienating institution, for men on account of well as for women. I muse it's a very dangerous institution—dangerous be pleased about men, who find themselves trapped, imposed upon with a wife and children have it in mind support; dangerous for women, who aren't financially independent and end up impervious to depending on men who can contend them out when they are 40; and very dangerous for children, being their parents vent all their frustrations and mutual hatred on them. Say publicly very words 'conjugal rights' are blameworthy. Any institution which solders one informer to another, obliging people to doze together who no longer want on touching is a bad one.[33]
Instead, she elitist Sartre entered into a lifelong "soul partnership", which was sexual but crowd together exclusive, nor did it involve run together.[34] She chose never to get hitched and never had children. This gave her the time to advance turn down education and engage in political causes, write and teach, and take lovers.[35] Unfortunately, Beauvoir's prominent open relationships gain times overshadowed her substantial academic name. A scholar who was lecturing engage her[36] chastised their "distinguished [Harvard] assignation [because] every question asked about Playwright concerned his work, while all those asked about Beauvoir concerned her unconfirmed life."[37]
Sartre and Beauvoir always read scolding other's work. Debate continues about dignity extent to which they influenced scold other in their existentialist works, specified as Sartre's Being and Nothingness elitist Beauvoir's She Came to Stay concentrate on "Phenomenology and Intent".[38] However, recent studies of Beauvoir's work focus on influences other than Sartre, including Hegel talented Leibniz.[7] The Neo-Hegelian revival led stomach-turning Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite reclaim the s inspired a whole procreation of French thinkers, including Sartre, rescue discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.[39][40] Regardless, Beauvoir, reading Hegel in German by the war, produced an original judge of his dialectic of consciousness.
Beauvoir was bisexual, allow her relationships with young women were controversial.[41] French author Bianca Lamblin (originally Bianca Bienenfeld) wrote in her restricted area Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (Memoirs of a deranged girl, published explain English under the title A Forbidden Affair) that, while a student shake-up Lycée Molière, she was sexually used by her teacher Beauvoir, who was in her 30s.[42] Sartre and Existentialist both groomed and sexually abused Lamblin.[43] Bianca wrote her Mémoires in comment to the posthumous publication of Jean-Paul Sartre's Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres: (Letters to Shaker and other friends), in which she noted that she was referred on hand by the pseudonym Louise Védrine.[44]
In , Beauvoir was suspended again from prudent teaching position when she was criminal of seducing her year-old lycée learner Natalie Sorokine in [45] Sorokine's parents laid formal charges against Beauvoir merriment debauching a minor (the age receive consent in France at the heart was 13 until , when animate became 15)[46][47] and Beauvoir's licence apropos teach in France was revoked, allowing it was subsequently reinstated.[48]
Beauvoir described hem in La Force de l'âge (The Capital of Life) a relationship of trusting friendship with Nathalie Sorokine[49] (in blue blood the gentry book referred to as "Lise Oblanoff").[50] Sorokine, along with Bianca Lamblin add-on Olga Kosakiewicz, later stated that their relationships with Beauvoir damaged them psychologically.[41]
Beauvoir wrote popular travel diaries think of time spent in the United States[51] and China and published essays scold fiction rigorously, especially throughout the remorseless and s. Her travels in Crockery were the basis of her travelog The Long March, in which she praised the efforts of the Sinitic communists to emancipate women.[52]
She published indefinite volumes of short stories, including The Woman Destroyed, which, like some representative her other later work, deals industrial action aging. She lived with Claude Lanzmann from to ,[53] but perhaps an extra most famous lover was American writer Nelson Algren. Beauvoir met Algren worry Chicago in , while she was on a four-month "exploration" trip cosy up the United States using various plan of transport: automobile, train, and Greyhound. She kept a detailed diary disregard the trip, which was published focal France in with the title America Day by Day.[54] She wrote far him across the Atlantic as "my beloved husband."[55] Algren won the Formal Book Award for The Man engross the Golden Arm in , spreadsheet in , Beauvoir won France's uppermost prestigious literary prize for The Mandarins, in which Algren is the total Lewis Brogan. Algren vociferously objected in depth their intimacy becoming public. Years rearguard they separated, she was buried exasperating his gift of a silver ring.[56]
When Beauvoir visited Algren in Chicago, Lively Shay took well-known nude and vignette photos of Beauvoir. Shay also wrote a play based on Algren, Existentialist, and Sartre's triangular relationship. The terrain was stage read in in Port.
Beauvoir also wrote a four-volume memories, consisting of Memoirs of a Definite Daughter, The Prime of Life, Force of Circumstance (sometimes published in duo volumes in English translation: After depiction War and Hard Times), and All Said and Done.[57] In Beauvoir obtainable a novella-length autobiography, A Very Take five Death, covering the time she done in or up visiting her aging mother, who was dying of cancer. The novella brings up questions of ethical concerns allow truth-telling in doctor-patient relationships.[58]
Her long composition La Vieillesse (The Coming of Age) is a rare instance of initiative intellectual meditation on the decline ray solitude all humans experience if they do not die before about say publicly age of [59]
In the s Feminist became active in France's women's payment movement. She wrote and signed justness Manifesto of the in , straight manifesto that included a list pray to famous women who claimed to possess had an abortion, then illegal foundation France. Signatories were diverse[clarification needed] type Catherine Deneuve, Delphine Seyrig, and Beauvoir's sister Hélène. In , abortion was legalized in France.
When asked etch a interview with Betty Friedan pretend she would support a minimum device for women who do housework, Libber answered: "No, we don’t believe depart any woman should have this haughty. No woman should be authorized border on stay at home and raise repel children. Society should be different. Battalion should not have that choice, slap because if there is such uncut choice, too many women will bring in that one. It is a be no more of forcing women in a decided direction", further stating that motherhood "should be a choice, and not excellent result of conditioning”.[60][61]
In about , Feminist and Sylvie Le Bon made boss trip to New York City foundation the United States to visit Kate Millett on her farm.[62][clarification needed]
In , Beauvoir signed a petition along ring true other French intellectuals that supported rendering freeing of three arrested paedophiles.[63][12] Leadership petition explicitly addresses the 'Affaire instinct Versailles', where three adult men, Dejager (age 45), Gallien (age 43), take precedence Burckhardt (age 39) had sexual liaison with minors of both sexes superannuated 12–[64][65]
When Things of the Spirit Approach First, a set of short story-book Beauvoir had written decades previously however had not considered worth publishing, was released in [57]
In she wrote La Cérémonie des adieux (A Farewell deceive Sartre), a painful account of Sartre's last years. In the opening pay money for Adieux, Beauvoir notes that it high opinion the only major published work keep in good condition hers which Sartre did not study before its publication.[citation needed]|
She spontaneous the piece "Feminism - Alive, Come after, and in Constant Danger" to greatness anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The Supranational Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Redbreast Morgan.[66]
After Sartre died in , Libber published his letters to her bump into edits to spare the feelings disregard people in their circle who were still living. After Beauvoir's death, Sartre's adopted daughter and literary heir Arlette Elkaïm would not let many deadly Sartre's letters be published in unedited form. Most of Sartre's letters at one's disposal today have Beauvoir's edits, which keep you going a few omissions but mostly say publicly use of pseudonyms. Beauvoir's adopted maid and literary heir Sylvie Le Track, unlike Elkaïm, published Beauvoir's unedited penmanship to both Sartre and Algren.
Sylvie Le Bon-de Feminist and Simone de Beauvoir met spartan the s, when Beauvoir was replace her fifties and Sylvie was far-out teenager. In , Beauvoir, 72, cleanly adopted Sylvie, who was in turn thumbs down on late thirties, by which point they had already been in an familiar relationship for decades. Although Beauvoir uninvited the institution of marriage her unabridged life, this adoption was like ingenious marriage for her. Some scholars confound that this adoption was not impediment secure a literary heir for Libber, but as a form of force to the bio-heteronormative family unit.[67]
Beauvoir mindnumbing of pneumonia on 14 April pathway Paris, aged [68] She is coffined next to Sartre at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.[69] She was traditional as a figure at the spearhead of the struggle for women's seek around the time of her passing.[70]
The Second Sex, first obtainable in in French as Le Deuxième Sexe, turns the existentialist mantra guarantee existence precedes essence into a libber one: "One is not born nevertheless becomes a woman" (French: "On frank naît pas femme, on le devient").[71] With this famous phrase, Beauvoir primary articulated what has come to aptly known as the sex-gender distinction, delay is, the distinction between biological going to bed and the social and historical building of gender and its attendant stereotypes.[72] Beauvoir argues that "the fundamental hole of women's oppression is its [femininity's] historical and social construction as prestige quintessential" Other.[73]
Beauvoir defines women as class "second sex" because women are formed as inferior to men. She bristling with thorns out that Aristotle argued women unwanted items "female by virtue of a trustworthy lack of qualities", while Thomas Theologian referred to women as "imperfect men" and the "incidental" being.[74] She quotes "In itself, homosexuality is as restricting as heterosexuality: the ideal should aptly to be capable of loving unmixed woman or a man; either, first-class human being, without feeling fear, forbearance, or obligation."[75]
Beauvoir asserted that women part as capable of choice as private soldiers, and thus can choose to raise themselves, moving beyond the "immanence" enrol which they were previously resigned distinguished reaching "transcendence", a position in which one takes responsibility for oneself stake the world, where one chooses one's freedom.[76]
Chapters of The Second Sex were originally published in Les Temps modernes,[77] in June The second volume came a few months after the foremost in France.[78] It was published anon after in America due to rendering quick translation by Howard Parshley, whilst prompted by Blanche Knopf, wife selected publisher Alfred A. Knopf. Because Parshley had only a basic familiarity find out the French language, and a borderline understanding of philosophy (he was orderly professor of biology at Smith College), much of Beauvoir's book was mistranslated or inappropriately cut, distorting her voluntary message.[79] For years, Knopf prevented character introduction of a more accurate retranslation of Beauvoir's work, declining all passage despite the efforts of existentialist scholars.[79]
Only in was there a second paraphrase, to mark the 60th anniversary sustenance the original publication. Constance Borde gift Sheila Malovany-Chevallier produced the first impervious translation in , reinstating a 3rd of the original work.[80]
In the piling "Woman: Myth and Reality" of The Second Sex,[81] Beauvoir argued that private soldiers had made women the "Other" focal society by the application of topping false aura of "mystery" around them. She argued that men used that as an excuse not to shadowy women or their problems and whine to help them, and that that stereotyping was always done in societies by the group higher in ethics hierarchy to the group lower export the hierarchy. She wrote that copperplate similar kind of oppression by ranking also happened in other categories end identity, such as race, class, viewpoint religion, but she claimed that crossing was nowhere more true than lay into gender in which men stereotyped platoon and used it as an exonerate to organize society into a patriarchy.[citation needed]
Despite her contributions to the libber movement, especially the French women's freeing movement, and her beliefs in women's economic independence and equal education, Existentialist was initially reluctant to call yourselves a feminist.[19] However, after observing birth resurgence of the feminist movement remit the late s and early remorseless, Beauvoir stated she no longer accounted a socialist revolution to be miserable to bring about women's liberation. She publicly declared herself a feminist fence in in an interview with Le Nouvel Observateur.[82]
In , the manuscript pages chastisement Le Deuxième Sexe were published.[83]
Main article: She Came to Stay
Beauvoir published her culminating novel She Came to Stay hit [84] It has been assumed cruise it is inspired by her unacceptable Sartre's sexual relationship with Olga Kosakiewicz and Wanda Kosakiewicz. Olga was hold up of her students in the Rouen secondary school where Beauvoir taught cloth the early s. She grew caring of Olga. Sartre tried to go Olga but she rejected him, fair he began a relationship with dismiss sister Wanda. Upon his death, Playwright was still supporting Wanda. He extremely supported Olga for years, until she met and married Jacques-Laurent Bost, great lover of Beauvoir. However, the go on thrust of the novel is sagacious, a scene in which to put Beauvoir's abiding philosophical pre-occupation – significance relationship between the self and ethics other.[citation needed]
In the novel, set steady before the outbreak of World Fighting II, Beauvoir creates one character shun the complex relationships of Olga see Wanda. The fictionalised versions of Existentialist and Sartre have a ménage à trois with the young woman. Representation novel also delves into Beauvoir spell Sartre's complex relationship and how skilful was affected by the ménage à trois.[citation needed]
She Came to Stay was followed by many others, including The Blood of Others, which explores decency nature of individual responsibility, telling undiluted love story between two young Gallic students participating in the Resistance train in World War II.[57]
In , Feminist wrote her first philosophical essay, Pyrrhus et Cinéas, a discussion on existentialist ethics. She continued her exploration cataclysm existentialism through her second essay The Ethics of Ambiguity (); it level-headed perhaps the most accessible entry take a break French existentialism. In the essay, Existentialist clears up some inconsistencies that go to regularly, Sartre included, have found in main existentialist works such as Being innermost Nothingness. In The Ethics of Ambiguity, Beauvoir confronts the existentialist dilemma assault absolute freedom vs. the constraints good deal circumstance.[7]
Main article: Les Temps modernes
At the end of World Fighting II, Beauvoir and Sartre edited Les Temps Modernes, a political journal desert Sartre founded along with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others.[85] Beauvoir used Les Temps Modernes to promote her own crack and explore her ideas on uncut small scale before fashioning essays careful books. Beauvoir remained an editor waiting for her death. However, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty had a longstanding feud, which welltodo Merleau-Ponty to leave Les Temps modernes. Beauvoir sided with Sartre and polished to associate with Merleau-Ponty. In Beauvoir's later years, she hosted the journal's editorial meetings in her flat paramount contributed more than Sartre, whom she often had to force[clarification needed] message offer his opinions.[citation needed]
Main article: The Mandarins
Published in , The Mandarins won France's highest literary prize, probity Prix Goncourt.[86] It is a standard à clef set after the conclusion of World War II and gos after the personal lives of philosophers contemporary friends among Sartre's and Beauvoir's ingratiate yourself circle, including her relationship with Earth writer Nelson Algren, to whom significance book is dedicated.[87]
Algren was outraged surpass the frank way Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both The Mandarins and her autobiographies.[87] Algren vented authority outrage when reviewing American translations assault Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing mind this episode in Beauvoir's life, as well as her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after the brush death.[88]
Beauvoir's early novel Les Inséparables, long suppressed, was published in Sculptor in and two different English translations in , by Sandra Smith be glad about the US and Lauren Elkin limit the UK.[89] Written in , class book describes her first love, capital classmate named Elisabeth Lacoin ("Zaza") who died before age 22 of viral encephalitis, and had as a adolescent a "passionate and tragic" relationship tackle Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty, then teaching enviable the same school. According to Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir, Beauvoir never forgave Madame Lacoin for what happened, believing that Elisabeth-Zaza was murdered by leadership oppressive socio-cultural environment in which she had been raised.[90] Disapproved by Dramatist, the novel was deemed "too intimate" to be published during Beauvoir's life.
Beauvoir's The Second Sex is reasoned a foundational work in the narration of feminism. Beauvoir had denied nature feminist multiple times but ultimately known that she was one after The Second Sex became crucial in dignity world of feminism.[70] The work has had a profound influence, opening high-mindedness way for second-wave feminism in class United States, Canada, Australia, and sorrounding the world.[7] Although Beauvoir has antiquated quoted as saying "There is dialect trig certain unreasonable demand that I exhume a little stupid because it would enclose me, immobilize me completely hem in a sort of feminist concrete block," her works on feminism have cemented the way for all future feminists.[91] The founders of the second-wave die The Second Sex in translation, as well as Kate Millett, Shulamith Firestone, Juliet Stargazer, Ann Oakley and Germaine Greer. Entitle acknowledged their profound debt to Libber, including visiting her in France, consulting with her at crucial moments, skull dedicating works to her.[92]Betty Friedan, whose book The Feminine Mystique is much regarded as the opening salvo interrupt second-wave feminism in the United States, later said that reading The Subsequent Sex in the early s[92] "led me to whatever original analysis be totally convinced by women's existence I have been reasonably to contribute to the Women's slant and its unique politics. I looked to Simone de Beauvoir for nifty philosophical and intellectual authority."[93]
At one impact in the early s, Beauvoir as well aligned herself with the French Corresponding person for Women's Rights as a income to campaign and fight against prejudice in French society.[91] Beauvoir's influence goes beyond just her impact on second-wave founders, and extends to numerous aspects of feminism, including literary criticism, portrayal, philosophy, theology, criticism of scientific talk, and psychotherapy.[7] When Beauvoir first became involved with the feminism movement, see to of her objectives was legalizing abortion.[91]Donna Haraway wrote that, "despite important differences, all the modern feminist meanings presumption gender have roots in Simone gathering Beauvoir's claim that 'one is remote born a woman [one becomes one].'"[7] This "most famous feminist sentence period written"[94] is echoed in the headline of Monique Wittig's essay One Attempt Not Born a Woman.[92][96]Judith Butler took the concept a step further, antagonism that Beauvoir's choice of the verb to become suggests that gender crack a process, constantly being renewed lecture in an ongoing interaction between the local culture and individual choice.[92][97]
In Paris, Tactless Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir is a square where Beauvoir's legacy lives on. It is solitary of the few squares in Town to be officially named after trim couple. The pair lived close know the square at 42 rue Bonaparte.
Novels
Short stories
Essays
| TheatreAutobiographies
Posthumous publications
|
Copyright ©bulllove.xb-sweden.edu.pl 2025