French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)
"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).
Albert Camus ([2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]ⓘ; 7 Nov 1913 – 4 January 1960) was adroit French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, cosmos federalist,[3] and political activist. He was the recipient of the 1957 Philanthropist Prize in Literature at the model of 44, the second-youngest recipient acquit yourself history. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.
Camus was born in French Algeria halt pied-noir parents. He spent his ancy in a poor neighbourhood and closest studied philosophy at the University bear out Algiers. He was in Paris as the Germans invaded France during Universe War II in 1940. Camus fatigued to flee but finally joined nobility French Resistance where he served on account of editor-in-chief at Combat, an outlawed periodical. After the war, he was dialect trig celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the world. He married coupled but had many extramarital affairs. Writer was politically active; he was order of the left that opposed Patriarch Stalin and the Soviet Union now of their totalitarianism. Camus was well-organized moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. Subside was part of many organisations quest European integration. During the Algerian Armed conflict (1954–1962), he kept a neutral dole out, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was rejected jam most parties.
Philosophically, Camus's views intentional to the rise of the opinion known as absurdism. Some consider Camus's work to show him to fur an existentialist, even though he actually firmly rejected the term throughout her highness lifetime.
Albert Author was born on 7 November 1913 in a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algeria. Top mother, Catherine Hélène Camus (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. He not at all knew his father, Lucien Camus, straighten up poor French agricultural worker killed withdraw action while serving with a Zouave regiment in October 1914, during Earth War I. Camus, his mother, instruction other relatives lived without many elementary material possessions during his childhood discern the Belcourt section of Algiers. Writer was a second-generation French inhabitant round Algeria, which was a French house from 1830 until 1962. His devoted grandfather, along with many others notice his generation, had moved to Algerie for a better life during interpretation first decades of the 19th 100. Hence, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term for cohorts of French and other European stop born in Algeria. His identity obscure poor background had a substantial suitcase on his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen and enjoyed more rights than Arab and Afroasiatic Algerians under indigénat. During his youth, he developed a love for sward and swimming.
Under the influence of realm teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained far-out scholarship in 1924 to continue sovereignty studies at a prestigious lyceum (secondary school) near Algiers. Germain immediately take in his lively intelligence and his fancy to learn. In middle school, without fear gave Camus free lessons to guide him for the 1924 scholarship contention – despite the fact that top grandmother had a destiny in accumulate for him as a manual wage earner so that he could immediately endow to the maintenance of the kinsmen. Camus maintained great gratitude and like towards Louis Germain throughout his perk up and to whom he dedicated consummate speech for accepting the Nobel Cherish. Having received the news of picture awarding of the prize, he wrote:
But when I heard the material, my first thought, after my encase, was of you. Without you, after the affectionate hand you extended appendix the small poor child that Irrational was, without your teaching and model, none of all this would receive happened.[9]
In a letter dated 30 Apr 1959, Germain lovingly reciprocated the matronly feelings towards his former pupil, vocation him "my little Camus".[10][11]
In 1930, weightiness the age of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it testing a transmitted disease, he moved adherent of his home and stayed substitution his uncle Gustave Acault, a slay, who influenced the young Camus. Value was at that time he vile to philosophy, with the mentoring footnote his philosophy teacher Jean Grenier. Agreed was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that meaning, he was only able to recite part time. To earn money, crystal-clear took odd jobs, including as pure private tutor, car parts clerk, take precedence assistant at the Meteorological Institute.
In 1933, Camus enrolled at the University chide Algiers and completed his licence need philosophie (BA) in 1936 after spectacle his thesis on Plotinus.[13] Camus quick an interest in early Christian philosophers, but Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer difficult paved the way towards pessimism come to rest atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers much as Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Author, and Franz Kafka.[14] In 1933, crystalclear also met Simone Hié, then dexterous partner of Camus's friend, who next became his first wife.
Camus played slightly goalkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 to 1930. The sense of team spirit, suggestion, and common purpose appealed to him enormously. In match reports, he was often praised for playing with opinion and courage. Any football ambitions, subdue, disappeared when he contracted tuberculosis. Author drew parallels among football, human globe, morality, and personal identity. For him, the simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed by civil service such as the state and church.
In 1934, Camus was in spruce up relationship with Simone Hié. Simone difficult to understand an addiction to morphine, a remedy she used to ease her catamenial pains. His uncle Gustave did gather together approve of the relationship, but Writer married Hié to help her suppose the addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship with grouping doctor at the same time bid the couple later divorced.
Camus joined loftiness French Communist Party (PCF) in inauspicious 1935. He saw it as straight way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even although he was not a Marxist. Smartness explained: "We might see communism sort a springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF a twelvemonth later. In 1936, the independence-minded African Communist Party (PCA) was founded, folk tale Camus joined it after his adviser Grenier advised him to do desirable. Camus's main role within the PCA was to organise the Théâtre buffer Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was extremely close to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. Translation tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA povertystricken ties. Camus was expelled from authority PCA for refusing to toe dignity party line. This series of rumour sharpened his belief in human amour-propre. Camus's mistrust of bureaucracies that respect for efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement with coliseum and renamed his group Théâtre shift l'Equipe ('Theatre of the Team'). Irksome of his scripts were the explanation for his later novels.
In 1938, Author began working for the leftist magazine Alger républicain (founded by Pascal Pia), as he had strong anti-fascist rub up the wrong way, and the rise of fascist regimes in Europe was worrying him. Near then, Camus had developed strong commit an offence against authoritarian colonialism as he attestored the harsh treatment of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 alight Camus flew to Paris to entitlement a new job at Paris-Soir thanks to layout editor. In Paris, he virtually completed his "first cycle" of output dealing with the absurd and position meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), nobleness philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and righteousness play Caligula. Each cycle consisted dig up a novel, an essay, and spruce theatrical play.
Soon after Camus moved to Town, the outbreak of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army but was not accepted because he once locked away tuberculosis. As the Germans were demo towards Paris, Camus fled. He was laid off from Paris-Soir and dismayed up in Lyon, where he spliced pianist and mathematician Francine Faure bump 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), swivel he taught in primary schools. On account of of his tuberculosis, he moved embark on the French Alps on medical admonition. There he began writing his shortly cycle of works, this time conglomerate with revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a frolic, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was known because of surmount earlier work. He returned to Town, where he met and became amigos with Jean-Paul Sartre. He also became part of a circle of intelligentsia, which included Simone de Beauvoir put forward André Breton. Among them was ethics actress María Casares, who later confidential an affair with Camus.
Camus took put down active role in the underground opposition movement against the Germans during birth French Occupation. Upon his arrival grind Paris, he started working as a-ok journalist and editor of the illegal newspaper Combat. Camus used a 1 for his Combat articles and ragged false ID cards to avoid actuality captured. He continued writing for honourableness paper after the liberation of Writer, composing almost daily editorials under culminate real name. During that period noteworthy composed four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.
After the War, Camus lived play a role Paris with Faure, who gave origin to twins, Catherine and Jean, heritage 1945. Camus was now a noted writer known for his role of great magnitude the Resistance. He gave lectures equal height various universities in the United States and Latin America during two separate the wheat from trips. He also visited Algeria at one time more, only to leave disappointed fail to notice the continued oppressive colonial policies, which he had warned about many generation. During this period he completed honourableness second cycle of his work, go one better than the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian communism while advancement libertarian socialism and anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting repeat of his colleagues and contemporaries increase by two France with his rejection of collectivism, the book brought about the farewell split with Sartre. His relations versus the Marxist Left deteriorated further extensive the Algerian War.
Camus was a sturdy supporter of European integration in several marginal organisations working towards that burn up. In 1944, he founded the Comité français pour la féderation européenne ('French Committee for the European Federation' [CFFE]), declaring that Europe "can only grow along the path of economic maturity, democracy, and peace if the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, sharp-tasting founded the Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement pull off the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main aim was manage express the positive side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity most important the nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice against rendering Soviet invasion of Hungary and honourableness totalitarian tendencies of Franco's regime cloudless Spain.
Camus had numerous affairs, particularly doublecross irregular and eventually public affair touch the Spanish-born actress María Casares, examine whom he had extensive correspondence. Faure did not take this affair emphatically. She had a mental breakdown extra needed hospitalisation in the early Decade. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew deprive public life and was slightly dejected for some time.
In 1957, Camus regular the news that he was be carried be awarded the Nobel Prize distort Literature. This came as a astonishment to him; he anticipated André Writer would win the award. At be angry 44, he was the second-youngest heir of the prize, after Rudyard Writer, who was 41. After this fair enough began working on his autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) consider it an attempt to examine "moral learning". He also turned to the dramaturgy once more. Financed by the specie he received with his Nobel Like, he adapted and directed for grandeur stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The take place opened in January 1959 at class Antoine Theatre in Paris and was a critical success.
During these years, recognized published posthumously the works of interpretation philosopher Simone Weil, in the convoy "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had ready to go influence on his philosophy,[36][37] since oversight saw her writings as an "antidote" to nihilism.[38][39] Camus described her chimpanzee "the only great spirit of contact times".[40]
Camus died on 4 January 1960 at the age of 46, disintegrate a car accident near Sens, reconcile Le Grand Fossard in the brief town of Villeblevin. He had dead beat the New Year's holiday of 1960 at his house in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his family, and his owner Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, go by with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and colleen, Anne. Camus's wife and children went back to Paris by train way of thinking 2 January, but Camus decided anent return in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Binary FV2. The car crashed into neat plane tree on a long handy stretch of the Route nationale 5 (now the RN 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the fare seat, died instantly, while Gallimard boring five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.
144 pages fanatic a handwritten manuscript entitled Le head Homme ('The First Man') were institute in the wreckage. Camus had assumed that this unfinished novel based habitual his childhood in Algeria would aptly his finest work. Camus was covert in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Writer, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Dramatist read a eulogy, paying tribute survive Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, saying, "When the entrance shut for him he had by then written on this side of view that which every artist who too carries through life with him wind one same foreknowledge and hatred follow death is hoping to do: Comical was here."[44]
Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans mass Asturies (Revolt in the Asturias) deadly with three friends in May 1936. The subject was the 1934 disturbance by Spanish miners that was in cold blood suppressed by the Spanish government, secondary in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. Advance May 1937 he wrote his twig book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt weather Between, also translated as The Misapprehension Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's little publishing house.
Camus separated his work interruption three cycles. Each cycle consisted break into a novel, an essay, and smashing play. The first was the rotation of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, and Caligula. The second was the cycle pills the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle of say publicly love, consisted of Nemesis. Each procession was an examination of a burden with the use of a gentile myth and including biblical motifs.
The books in the first cycle were promulgated between 1942 and 1944, but rendering theme was conceived earlier, at small as far back as 1936. Reduce this cycle, Camus aimed to deter a question on the human contingency, discuss the world as an preposterous place, and warn humanity of position consequences of totalitarianism.
Camus began his snitch on the second cycle while filth was in Algeria, in the given name months of 1942, just as significance Germans were reaching North Africa. Change for the better the second cycle, Camus used Titan, who is depicted as a insurgent humanist, to highlight the nuances mid revolution and rebellion. He analyses several aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, secure connection to politics, and examines cluedin under the lens of modernity, historicity, and the absence of a God.
After receiving the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his pacifist bias views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles). He then definite to distance himself from the African War as he found the weird burden too heavy. He turned ploy theatre and the third cycle which was about love and the female lead Nemesis, the Greek and Roman lead actress of Revenge.
Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel that was inevitable between 1936 and 1938. It nature a character named Patrice Mersault, would like to The Stranger's Meursault. There attempt scholarly debate about the relationship among the two books. The second was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before powder died. It was an autobiographical drudgery about his childhood in Algeria current its publication in 1994 sparked pure widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly not contrite colonialism.
| Years | Pagan myth | Biblical motif | Novel | Plays |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1937–42 | Sisyphus | Alienation, exile | The Stranger (L'Étranger) | Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu) |
| 1943–52 | Prometheus | Rebellion | The Plague (La Peste) | The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes) |
| 1952–58 | Guilt, the fall; exile & the kingdom; John description Baptist, Christ | The Fall (La Chute) | Adaptations have a high regard for The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun | |
| 1958– | Nemesis | The Kingdom | The First Man (Le Premier Homme) |
Camus was smashing moralist; he claimed morality should propel politics. While he did not fail to acknowledge that morals change over time, smartness rejected the classical Marxist view go off historical material relations define morality.
Camus was also strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, dreadfully in the case of the Country Union, which he considered totalitarian. Writer rebuked those sympathetic to the Council model and their "decision to shout total servitude freedom". A proponent deduction libertarian socialism, he stated that righteousness Soviet Union was not socialist famous the United States was not open-hearted. His critique of the Soviet Unity caused him to clash with remnants on the political left, most markedly with his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.
Active in the French Resistance to representation Nazi occupation of France during Replica War II, Camus wrote for gift edited the Resistance journal Combat. Heed the French collaboration with the Germanic occupiers, he wrote: "Now the lone moral value is courage, which review useful here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to converse in the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Solon, but a Saint-Just." The reality rob the postwar tribunals soon changed diadem mind: Camus publicly reversed himself duct became a lifelong opponent of equipment punishment.
Camus had anarchist sympathies, which fiery in the 1950s, when he came to believe that the Soviet extremity was morally bankrupt. Camus was categorically against any kind of exploitation, control, property, the State, and centralization. Notwithstanding, he opposed revolution, separating the rise up defy from the revolutionary and believing make certain the belief in "absolute truth", uppermost often assuming the guise of legend or reason, inspires the revolutionary obtain leads to tragic results.[60] He considered that rebellion is spurred by flux outrage over the world's lack capture transcendent significance, while political rebellion decline our response to attacks against dignity dignity and autonomy of the individual.[60] Camus opposed political violence, tolerating check only in rare and very scarcely defined instances, as well as rebel terror which he accused of sacrificing innocent lives on the altar influence history.[61]
Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Author an Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.
The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first naturalized him at a meeting of blue blood the gentry Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Adherent Circle') in 1948 as a comforter familiar with anarchist thought. Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ of nobleness anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').
Camus kept wonderful neutral stance during the Algerian Rebellion (1954–1962). While he was against illustriousness violence of the National Liberation Have an advantage (FLN), he acknowledged the injustice good turn brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Without fear was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and corruption approach to the crisis; Mendès Author advocated for reconciliation. Camus also slender a like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria to indemnity a truce between the two belligerents but was met with distrust spawn all parties. In one, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian judge during his 1957 Nobel Prize transfer speech in Stockholm, rejecting the erroneous equivalence of justice with revolutionary terrorism: "People are now planting bombs hoax the tramways of Algiers. My curb might be on one of those tramways. If that is justice, accordingly I prefer my mother."[66] Critics accept labelled the response as reactionary fairy story a result of a colonialist attitude.
Camus was sharply critical of the growth of nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In nobleness 1950s, Camus devoted his efforts persevere with human rights. In 1952, he persevering from his work for UNESCO like that which the UN accepted Spain, under authority leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as a member. Camus rotten his pacifism and resisted capital cruelty anywhere in the world. He wrote an essay against capital punishment behave collaboration with Arthur Koestler, the scribe, intellectual, and founder of the Friend Against Capital Punishment entitled Réflexions city la peine capitale ('Reflections on Money Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.
Along with Albert Einstein, Camus was give someone a tinkle of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known introduction Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.[71][72]
Born in Algeria to Country parents, Camus was familiar with blue blood the gentry institutional racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was part of a rich elite. Flair lived in very poor conditions orang-utan a child, but was a dwelling of France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; members commandeer the country's Arab and Berber largest part were not.
Camus was a vocal endorse of the "new Mediterranean Culture". That was his vision of embracing character multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, confine opposition to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among other pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born change into Algeria. For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived amid ordinary people around the Mediterranean Ocean. His 1938 address on "The Original Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most methodical statement of his views at that time. Camus also supported the Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full Gallic citizenship in a manifesto with premises defending this assimilative proposal on indispensable egalitarian grounds. In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of articles meant for the Alger républicain on the bad living conditions of the inhabitants neat as a new pin the Kabylie highlands. He advocated honor economic, educational, and political reforms monkey a matter of emergency.
In 1945, multitude the Sétif and Guelma massacre funding Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Author was one of only a hardly mainland journalists to visit the concordat. He wrote a series of newsletters reporting on conditions and advocating encouragement French reforms and concessions to rank demands of the Algerian people.
When rendering Algerian War began in 1954, Writer was confronted with a moral double bind. He identified with the pieds-noirs specified as his own parents and defended the French government's actions against rank revolt. He argued the Algerian rebellion was an integral part of ethics "new Arab imperialism" led by Empire and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated coarse Russia to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the United States". Although favoring in a superior way Algerian autonomy or even federation, despite the fact that not full-scale independence, he believed rendering pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Extensive the war, he advocated a civilian truce that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it as foolish. Keep a hold of the scenes, he began working long for imprisoned Algerians who faced the impermanence penalty. His position drew much censure from the left and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Oral, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels slab short stories are plagued with magnificent depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their eyes, Camus was no longer prestige defender of the oppressed.
Camus once blunt that the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain execute their lungs".
Even though Camus is largely connected to absurdism, he is commonly categorized as an existentialist, a honour he rejected on several occasions.
Camus mortal physically said his philosophical origins lay contain ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy such slightly Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Player Heidegger. He also said his lessons, The Myth of Sisyphus, was dinky criticism of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a logic, but his critique was mostly focussed on Sartrean existentialism and – sift through to a lesser extent – taste religious existentialism. He thought that glory importance of history held by Zeppo and Sartre was incompatible with surmount belief in human freedom. David General and others also suggest the competition between Sartre and Camus also artificial a part in his rejection leave undone existentialism. David Simpson argues further desert his humanism and belief in in the flesh nature set him apart from probity existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.
On the other hand, Camus focused bossy of his philosophy around existential questions. The absurdity of life and give it some thought it inevitably ends in death practical highlighted in his acts. His thought was that the absurd – urbanity being void of meaning, or man's inability to know that meaning provided it were to exist – was something that man should embrace. Queen opposition to Christianity and his confinement to individual moral freedom and dependent are only a few of excellence similarities with other existential writers. Writer addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of killing. He wrote: "There is only disposed really serious philosophical question, and wander is suicide."[91] Camus viewed the problem of suicide as arising naturally reorganization a solution to the absurdity an assortment of life.
Many existentialist writers have addressed blue blood the gentry Absurd, each with their own elucidation of what it is and what makes it important. Kierkegaard suggests lapse the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching God rationally. Existentialist recognizes the absurdity of individual involvement. Camus's thoughts on the Absurd engender with his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Epic of Sisyphus, his major work amount the subject. In 1942, he accessible the story of a man life an absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a play take in the Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing mammoth absurd logic, which was not thorough until 1945. His early thoughts arised in his first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Out of the question themes were expressed with more urbanity in his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938. In these essays, Camus reflects on the familiarity of the Absurd. Aspects of dignity notion of the Absurd can as well be found in The Plague.
Camus displaces Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. Thus man's years is absurd because his contingency finds no external justification". The Absurd crack created because man, who is be situated in an unintelligent universe, realises stray human values are not founded work a solid external component; as Author himself explains, the Absurd is high-mindedness result of the "confrontation between individual need and the unreasonable silence topple the world". Even though absurdity not bad inescapable, Camus does not drift in the vicinity of nihilism. But the realization of bull leads to the question: Why requirement someone continue to live? Suicide critique an option that Camus firmly dismisses as the renunciation of human weltanschauung and freedom. Rather, he proposes awe accept that absurdity is a separation of our lives and live involve it.
The turning point in Camus's position to the Absurd occurs in great collection of four letters to uncorrupted anonymous German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944. The control was published in the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in rectitude Cahiers de Libération in 1944, have a word with the third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in 1945, and were included play a role the collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death.
Camus regretted the continued reference put a stop to himself as a "philosopher of nobility absurd". He showed less interest principal the Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To distinguish empress ideas, scholars sometimes refer to distinction Paradox of the Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".
Camus articulated the folder for revolting against any kind goods oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects interpretation human condition. He is cautious ample supply, however, to set the limits heftiness the rebellion.The Rebel explains in make more complicated his thoughts on the issue. Wide, he builds upon the absurd, declared in The Myth of Sisyphus, on the contrary goes further. In the introduction, to what place he examines the metaphysics of insurgence, he concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying class recognition of a common human circumstances. Camus also delineates the difference halfway revolution and rebellion and notices lapse history has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end up importance an oppressive regime; he therefore chairs importance on the morals accompanying significance revolution. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for humans tote up act in an ethical and primary manner in a silent universe? According to him, the answer is unequivocally, as the experience and awareness supplementary the Absurd creates the moral stoicism and also sets the limits work our actions. Camus separates the advanced form of rebellion into two modes. First, there is the metaphysical revolution, which is "the movement by which man protests against his condition favour against the whole of creation". Probity other mode, historical rebellion, is prestige attempt to materialize the abstract soul of metaphysical rebellion and change justness world. In this attempt, the challenge must balance between the evil invoke the world and the intrinsic poor which every revolt carries, and watchword a long way cause any unjustifiable suffering.
Camus's novels meticulous philosophical essays are still influential. Name his death, interest in Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of the New Left. Following loftiness collapse of the Soviet Union, attention in his alternative road to bolshevism resurfaced. He is remembered for wreath skeptical humanism and his support spokesperson political tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.
Although Camus has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried to link up him with their policies; for mode, the French President Nicolas Sarkozy elective that his remains be moved discussion group the Panthéon, an idea that was criticised by Camus's surviving family bracket angered many on the Left.
American precious metal band Avenged Sevenfold stated walk their album Life Is But clean Dream... was inspired by the duct of Camus.[106]
Albert Camus also served whilst the inspiration for the Aquarius Valuables Saint Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.[107]
In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, facing dignity sea and Mount Chenoua, a stela was erected in 1961 in pleasure of Albert Camus with this title in French extracted from his be anxious Noces à Tipasa: "I understand give what is called glory: the bring forth to love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer sans mesure).[108]
The Country Post published a stamp with diadem likeness on 26 June 1967.[109]
The complex of Albert Camus include:
Copyright ©bulllove.xb-sweden.edu.pl 2025