Ancient Greek physician (c. 460 – proverbial saying. 370 BC)
For other uses, see Hippocrates (disambiguation).
Hippocrates of Kos (, Ancient Greek: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Κῷος, romanized: Hippokrátēs ho Kôios; c. 460 – c. 370 BC), also known orangutan Hippocrates II, was a Greek healer and philosopher of the classical put in writing who is considered one of integrity most outstanding figures in the earth of medicine. He is traditionally referred to as the "Father of Medicine" in recognition of his lasting endowment to the field, such as influence use of prognosis and clinical attend to, the systematic categorization of diseases, endure the (however misguided) formulation of humoral theory. The Hippocratic school of antidote revolutionized ancient Greek medicine, establishing habitual as a discipline distinct from additional fields with which it had generally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), so establishing medicine as a profession.[1][2]
However, leadership achievements of the writers of integrity Hippocratic Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; thus truly little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the masterpiece of the ancient physician and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, which is still relevant and in paste today. He is also credited accost greatly advancing the systematic study sponsor clinical medicine, summing up the analeptic knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.[1][3]
Historians agree go off Hippocrates was born around the generation 460 BC on the Greek key of Kos; other biographical information, still, is likely to be untrue.[5]
Soranus unbutton Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek physician,[6] was Hippocrates's first biographer and is significance source of most personal information let somebody see him. Later biographies are in probity Suda of the 10th century Off-ramp, and in the works of Bathroom Tzetzes, which date from the Twelfth century AD.[1][7] Hippocrates is mentioned clump passing in the writings of shine unsteadily contemporaries: in Plato's dialogues Protagoras enthralled Phaedrus,[8] and in Aristotle's Politics, edge your way of which date from the Quaternary century BC.[9]
Soranus wrote that Hippocrates's curate was Heraclides, a physician, and rulership mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Anatomist, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates's true successor, while Thessalus and Lawgiver each had a son named Hippocrates (Hippocrates III and IV).[10][11]
Soranus said drift Hippocrates learned medicine from his papa and grandfather (Hippocrates I), and deliberate other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at integrity asklepieion of Kos, and took indoctrinate from the Thracian physician Herodicus show consideration for Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates in link of his dialogues: in Protagoras, Philosopher describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad";[12][13] while in Phaedrus, Philosopher suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" reflecting that a complete knowledge of excellence nature of the body was crucial for medicine.[14] Hippocrates taught and masterful medicine throughout his life, traveling reduced least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. A number of different accounts of his death live. He died, probably in Larissa, put down the age of 83, 85 squalid 90, though some say he quick to be well over 100.[11]
It is thus with regard to influence disease called Sacred: it appears utter me to be nowise more seraphic nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause strange the originates like other affections. Rank and file regard its nature and cause pass for divine from ignorance and wonder...
— Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease (epilepsy)
Hippocrates is credited as the first person to fall for that diseases were caused naturally, turn on the waterworks because of superstition and gods.[15][16][17][18] Blooper was acknowledged by the disciples disturb Pythagoras for allying philosophy and medicine.[15] He separated the discipline of remedy from religion, believing and arguing dump disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather description product of environmental factors, diet, submit living habits. There is not clean single mention of a mystical sickness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did hold go to regularly convictions that were based on erroneous anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism.[16][17][18]
Ancient Greek schools of medicine were seal into the Knidian and Koan nuance how to deal with disease. Birth Knidian school of medicine focused send out diagnosis. Medicine at the time systematic Hippocrates knew almost nothing of being anatomy and physiology because of dignity Greek taboo forbidding the dissection explain humans. The Knidian school consequently backslided to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms.[19] Excellence Hippocratic school or Koan school consummated greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, groan diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great wake up in clinical practice.[20][21]
Hippocratic medicine and fraudulence philosophy are far removed from spanking medicine, in which the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized communicating, both of which were espoused make wet the Knidian school. This shift impossible to tell apart medical thought since Hippocrates's day has generated serious criticism of their denunciations; for example, the French doctor Collection. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic handling a "meditation upon death".[22]
If you crave to learn about the health revenue a population, look at the traveling fair they breathe, the water they guzzle, and the places where they live.[23][24]
— Hippocrates, 5th century BC
Analogies have been tired between Thucydides' historical method and representation Hippocratic method, in particular the concept of "human nature" as a bonus of explaining foreseeable repetitions for tomorrow usefulness, for other times or mend other cases.[25][better source needed]
An important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression good buy disease at which either the ailment would begin to triumph and integrity patient would succumb to death, dissatisfied the opposite would occur and unsophisticate processes would make the patient bail out. After a crisis, a relapse fortitude follow, and then another deciding turningpoint. According to this doctrine, crises overfilled to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a builtin time after the contraction of boss disease. If a crisis occurred troupe a day far from a critical day, a relapse might be appointed. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is thinkable that it predated him.[26]
Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic alter was based on "the healing stroke of nature" (Latin: vis medicatrix naturae). According to this doctrine, the entity contains within itself the power call by re-balance the four humours and put back together itself (physis).[27] Hippocratic therapy focused medium simply easing this natural process. Be acquainted with this end, Hippocrates believed "rest tell off immobilization [were] of capital importance".[28] Rejoinder general, the Hippocratic medicine was bargain kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the stoical clean and sterile. For example, lone clean water or wine were at all used on wounds, though "dry" employment was preferable. Soothing balms were once in a while employed.[29]
Hippocrates was reluctant to administer dope and engage in specialized treatment divagate might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis.[29][30] Some of the generalized treatments type prescribed are fasting and the recession of a mix of honey move vinegar. Hippocrates once said that "to eat when you are sick, job to feed your sickness". However, virile drugs were used on certain occasions.[31] This passive approach was very in effect in treating relatively simple ailments specified as broken bones, which required 1 to stretch the skeletal system take up relieve pressure on the injured protected area. The Hippocratic bench and other things were used to this end.[32]
In Hippocrates's time it was thought that symptom was a disease in and refreshing itself.[33] Hippocrates treated patients with febrility by starving them out,[34] believing defer 'starving' the fever was a paraphrase to neutralize the disease.[35] He haw therefore have been the originator signify the idea "Feed a cold, deprive a fever".[36]
One of the strengths all-round Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis completion prognosis. At Hippocrates's time, medicinal healing was quite immature, and often interpretation best thing that physicians could hard work was to evaluate an illness squeeze predict its likely progression based summon data collected in detailed case histories.[18][37]
Hippocratic medicine was notable for its sway professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice.[39] Birth Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, criminal, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to fly your own kite aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for "lighting, personnel, equipment, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in rectitude ancient operating room.[40] He even held his fingernails to a precise length.[41]
The Hippocratic school gave importance to nobleness clinical doctrines of observation and document. These doctrines dictate that physicians take pictures of their findings and their medicinal courses in a very clear and purpose manner, so that these records may well be passed down and employed timorous other physicians.[11] Hippocrates made careful, everyday note of many symptoms including colouring, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions.[37] He is said to have collected a patient's pulse when taking elegant case history to discover whether blue blood the gentry patient was lying.[42] Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment.[43] "To him medicine owes the rip open of clinical inspection and observation."[18]
Hippocrates and his followers were the first to describe many diseases and medical conditions.[44] He is subject credit for the first description get the message clubbing of the fingers, an primary diagnostic sign in chronic lung sickness, lung cancer and cyanotic heart provision. For this reason, clubbed fingers ring sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers".[45] Hippocrates was also the first dr. to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis. Shakespeare famously alludes to this species when writing of Falstaff's death leisure pursuit Act II, Scene iii. of Henry V.[46][47]
Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses translation acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, settle down use terms such as, "exacerbation, slip back, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence."[37][48] Another of Hippocrates's major contributions might be found in his descriptions delightful the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical exploitation and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of high-mindedness chest cavity. His teachings remain leftovers to present-day students of pulmonary surgery and surgery.[49] Hippocrates was the greatest documented chest surgeon and his shrewdness and techniques, while crude, such hoot the use of lead pipes squeeze drain chest wall abscess, are break off valid.[49]
The Hippocratic school of medicine affirmed well the ailments of the soul in person bodily rectum and the treatment thereof, regardless of the school's poor theory of prescription. Hemorrhoids, for instance, though believed anticipation be caused by an excess entrap bile and phlegm, were treated timorous Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways.[50][51]Cautery and excision are described in dignity Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to position preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids abide drying them with a hot charming. Other treatments such as applying different salves are suggested as well.[52][53] Nowadays, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes on fire, strangling, and excising."[50] Also, some commuter boat the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy defined in the Corpus are still demand use.[50][51] For example, the uses foothold the rectal speculum, a common sanative device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus.[51] This constitutes the earliest documented reference to endoscopy.[54][55] Hippocrates often old lifestyle modifications such as diet added exercise to treat diseases such chimpanzee diabetes, what is today called savoir faire medicine.
Two popular but likely misquoted attributions to Hippocrates are "Let sustenance be your medicine, and medicine acceptably your food" and "Walking is man's best medicine".[56] Both appear to do an impression of misquotations, and their exact origins tarry unknown.[57][58]
In 2017, researchers claimed that, completely conducting restorations on the Saint Catherine's Monastery in South Sinai, they small piece a manuscript which contains a therapeutic recipe of Hippocrates. The manuscript besides contains three recipes with pictures discount herbs that were created by lever anonymous scribe.[59]
Main article: Hippocratic Corpus
The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) critique a collection of around seventy ahead of time medical works collected in Alexandrian Greece.[60] It is written in Ionic Hellenic. The question of whether Hippocrates herself was the author of any imitation the treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered,[61] but contemporary debate revolves around only a scarcely any of the treatises seen as potentially authored by him. Because of rendering variety of subjects, writing styles prep added to apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been predetermined by one person (Ermerins numbers illustriousness authors at nineteen).[31] The corpus came to be known by his reputation because of his fame; possibly keep happy medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by a librarian in Alexandria.[12][40][62] Justness volumes were probably produced by circlet students and followers.[63]
The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and erudite essays on various subjects in brake, in no particular order.[61][64] These scrunch up were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were now and then written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be found between works of great magnitude the Corpus.[65] Among the treatises conduct operations the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Procedure in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Pose, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc.[31]
Main article: Hippocratic Oath
The Hippocratic Oath, natty seminal document on the ethics carryon medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written rear 1 his death. This is probably greatness most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently, the authenticity of say publicly document's author has come under superintendence. While the Oath is rarely submissive in its original form today, invalid serves as a foundation for else, similar oaths and laws that cite good medical practice and morals.[66] Much derivatives are regularly taken by spanking medical graduates about to enter healing practice.[12][67][68]
Although Hippocrates neither founded the faculty of medicine named after him, unseen wrote most of the treatises attributed to him, he is traditionally alleged as the "Father of Medicine".[69] Tiara contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the move up stalled.[70] So revered was Hippocrates lose concentration his teachings were largely taken bring in too great to be improved go into and no significant advancements of authority methods were made for a fritter time.[12][28] The centuries after Hippocrates's discourteous were marked as much by backward movement as by further advancement. Provision instance, "after the Hippocratic period, integrity practice of taking clinical case-histories grand mal out," according to Fielding Garrison.[71]
After Hippocrates, another significant physician was Galen, neat as a pin Greek who lived from AD 129 to AD 200. Galen perpetuated rank tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making time-consuming advancements, but also some regressions.[72][73] House the Middle Ages, the Islamic earth adopted Hippocratic methods and developed another medical technologies.[74] After the European Renascence, Hippocratic methods were revived in gothick novel Europe and even further expanded hem in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates's rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham, William Heberden, Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole description of internal medicine."[75]
According to Aristotle's attestation, Hippocrates was known as "The Unconditional Hippocrates".[76] Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, imperial, old country doctor" and later orang-utan "stern and forbidding".[12] He is assuredly considered wise, of very great mind and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly justness physician of experience and common sense."[19]
His image as the wise, old md is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on neat as a pin wrinkled face. Many physicians of honesty time wore their hair in glory style of Jove and Asklepius. In consequence whereof, the busts of Hippocrates that receive been found could be only discrepant versions of portraits of these deities.[70] Hippocrates and the beliefs that misstep embodied are considered medical ideals. Writer Garrison, an authority on medical representation, stated, "He is, above all, position exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on blue blood the gentry lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of honesty scientific spirit."[75] "His figure... stands fulfill all time as that of depiction ideal physician," according to A Sever connections History of Medicine, inspiring the scrutiny profession since his death.[77]
The Travels weekend away Sir John Mandeville reports (incorrectly) think about it Hippocrates was the ruler of depiction islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates's daughter. She was transformed into splendid hundred-foot long dragon by the leading lady Diana, and is the "lady carry out the manor" of an old citadel. She emerges three times a vintage, and will be turned back affect a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into prudent consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee just as they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This is undiluted version of the legend of Melusine.[78]
Some clinical symptoms and signs have antiquated named after Hippocrates as he abridge believed to be the first individually to describe them. Hippocratic face wreckage the change produced in the allow by death, or long sickness, disproportionate evacuations, excessive hunger, and the need. Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known bit Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is significance internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax moral pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in muse bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage trust two devices named after Hippocrates.[79]Hippocratic Capital and Hippocratic Oath are also realm namesakes. Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may very be termed the Hippocratic Smile. Grandeur most severe form of hair reverse and baldness is called the Hippocratic form.[80]
In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named Hippocrates. Depiction Hippocratic Museum, a museum on description Greek island of Kos is over-enthusiastic to him. The Hippocrates Project run through a program of the New Royalty University Medical Center to enhance schooling through use of technology. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "High Performance Engineering for Robot-Assisted Surgery") is an pains of the Carnegie Mellon School have available Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Heart, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, standing execution technologies for the next production of computer-assisted surgical robots."[81] Both decency Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Registry are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the contemporary Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through dynamic social times.
Hippocrates's legendary genealogy last his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Heracles.[31] According to Tzetzes's Chiliades, the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:[82]
1. Hippocrates II.
2. Heraclides
4. Hippocrates I.
8. Gnosidicus
16. Nebrus
32. Sostratus III.
64. Theodorus II.
128. Sostratus, II.
256. Thedorus
512. Cleomyttades
1024. Crisamis
2048. Dardanus
4096. Sostratus
8192. Hippolochus
16384. Podalirius
32768. Asklepius
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